FEMALE FIRSTS EDUCATION FROM 1900

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FEMALE FIRSTS IN EDUCATION FROM 1900

1900:

• Egypt: A school for female teachers is founded in Cairo
• United States: Otelia Cromwell became the first black woman to graduate from Smith College in Northampton, Massachusetts.
• Tunisia: The first public elementary school for girls.
• Japan: The first Women's University.
• Baden, Germany: Universities open to women.
• Sri Lanka: Secondary education open to females.

1901:

• Bulgaria: Universities open to women.
• Cuba: Universities open to women.

1902:

• Australia: Ada Evans became the first woman to graduate in law in Australia at the University of Sydney.

1903:

• United States: Mignon Nicholson became the first woman in North America to earn a veterinary degree, which she earned from McKillip Veterinary College in Chicago, Illinois.
• Canada: Clara Benson and Emma Sophia Baker became the first women to earn a PhD from the University of Toronto.
• Norway: Clara Holst became the first woman to earn a Ph.D. in Norway, which she earned from Royal Frederick University. Her dissertation was titled Studier over middelnedertyske laaneord i dansk i det 14. og 15. aarhundrede (English: Study of Middle Low German loanwords in Danish in the 14th and 15th centuries).

1904:

• United States: Helen Keller graduated from Radcliffe, becoming the first deafblind person to earn a Bachelor of Arts degree.
• United Kingdom: Millicent Mackenzie is appointed as Assistant Professor of Education at the University College of South Wales and Monmouthshire (part of the University of Wales), the first woman professor in the UK.
• Württemberg, Germany: Universities open to women.

1905:

• United States: Nora Stanton Blatch Barney, born in England, became the one of the first woman to earn a degree in any type of engineering in the United States, which she earned from Cornell University. It was a degree in civil engineering.
• Argentina: University preparatory secondary education open to females.
• Iceland: Educational institutions open to women.
• Russia: Universities open to women.
• Serbia: Female university students are fully integrated in to the university system.
• Australia: Flos Greig became the first woman to be admitted as a barrister and solicitor in Australia, having graduated in 1903.

1906:

• Saxony, Germany: Universities open to women.

1907:

• China: Girls are included in the education system.
• Sudan: The first school open to Muslim girls.
• Iran: Compulsory primary education for females.
• Iran: The first Iranian school for girls is established by Tuba Azmudeh, followed by others in the following years.
• Japan: Tohoku University, the first (private) coeducational university.

1908:

• United States: Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, the first black Greek letter organization for woman, was founded at Howard University.
• United Kingdom: Edith Morley is appointed Professor of English Language at University College Reading, becoming the first full professor at a British university institute.
• Korea: Secondary education for females through the foundation of the Capital School for Girl's Higher Education.
• Peru: Universities open to women.
• Prussia, Alsace-Lorraine and Hesse, Germany: Universities open to women.
• Switzerland: The Russian-born Anna Tumarkin was the first female professor in Europe with the right to examine doctoral and post-doctoral students

1909:

• United States: Ella Flagg Young became the first female superintendent of a large city school system in the United States.
• Spain: María Goyri de Menéndez Pidal became the first woman to earn a Ph.D. in Spain, which she earned at the University of Madrid in the subject of philosophy and letters.

1910:

• United Kingdom: Millicent Mackenzie is promoted to full professor, the first woman to reach this level at a fully chartered university in the UK.

1911:

• Luxembourg: A new educational law gives women access to higher education, and two secondary education schools open to females.

1912:

• China: The Chinese government established secondary schools for young women.
• Costa Rica: Felícitas Chaverri Matamoros becomes the first female university student of the country in the Pharmacy School, in 1917 she becomes the first Costa Rican female university graduate.
• Japan: Tsuruko Haraguchi became the first Japanese woman to earn a Ph.D.

1913:

• United Kingdom: Caroline Spurgeon successfully competed for the newly created chair of English Literature at Bedford College, London, becoming the second female professor in England.

1914:

• Sierra Leone: Kathleen Mary Easmon Simango became the first West African woman to become an Associate of the Royal College of Art.

1915:

• United States: Lillian Gilbreth earned a PhD in industrial psychology from Brown University, which was the first degree ever granted in industrial psychology. Her dissertation was titled "Some Aspects of Eliminating Waste in Teaching".

1917:

• Greece: The first public secondary educational school for girls open.
• Iran: Public schools for girls are opened in order to enforce the law of compulsory education for girls in practice.
• Uruguay: University education open to women.
• Nicaragua: The first female obtains a university degree.

1918:

• Thailand: Universities open to women.

1920:

• Portugal: Secondary school open to women.
• China: The first female students are accepted in the Peking University, soon followed by universities all over China.

1921:

• United States: Sadie Tanner Mossell became the first African-American woman to earn a Ph.D. in the U.S. when she earned a Ph.D. in Economics from the University of Pennsylvania.
• Thailand: Compulsory elementary education for both girls and boys.

1922:

• United States: Sigma Gamma Rho Sorority was founded. It was the fourth black Greek letter organization for women, and the first black sorority established on a predominantly white campus, Butler University in Indianapolis, Indiana.

1923:

• Canada: Elsie MacGill graduated from the University of Toronto in 1927, and was the first Canadian woman to earn a degree in electrical engineering.
• Egypt: Compulsory education for both sexes.
• United States: Virginia Proctor Powell Florence became the first black woman in the United States to earn a degree in library science. She earned the degree (Bachelor of Library Science) from what is now part of the University of Pittsburgh.

1924

• Russia: Olga Freidenberg was the first woman in Russia to earn a Ph.D. in classical philology, which she earned from Petrograd University.

1925:

Korea: Professional school for women (at Ewha Womans University).

1926:

• United States: Dr. May Edward Chinn became the first African-American woman to graduate from the University and Bellevue Hospital Medical College.

1927:

• Afghanistan: The monarch introduces compulsory education for the daughters of officials.

1928:

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• Afghanistan: The first women are sent abroad to study (women banned from studying abroad in 1929).
• Bahrain: The first public primary school for girls.
• Egypt: The first women students are admitted to Cairo University.
• Ghana: Jane E. Clerk was one of two students in the first batch of Presbyterian Women’s Training College.

1929:

• Greece: Secondary education for females is made equal to that of males.
• Nigeria: Agnes Yewande Savage became the first West African woman to graduate from medical school, obtaining her degree at the University of Edinburgh.
• United States: Jenny Rosenthal Bramley, born in Moscow, became the first woman to earn a Ph.D. in physics in the United States, which she earned from New York University.
• United States: Elsie MacGill, from Canada, became the first woman in North America, and likely the world, to be awarded a master's degree in aeronautical engineering.

1930:

• Turkey: Equal right to university education for both men and women.

1931:

• United States: Jane Matilda Bolin was the first black woman to graduate from Yale Law School.
• United States: Bradford Academy, in Bradford, Massachusetts, changed name to Bradford Junior College and offered a two year degree for women.

1932:

• United States: Dorothy B. Porter became the first African-American woman to earn an advanced degree in library science (MLS) from Columbia University.

1933:

• Sierra Leone: Edna Elliott-Horton became the first West African woman to receive a baccalaureate degree in the liberals arts when she graduated from Howard University.
• United States: Inez Beverly Prosser became the first African-American woman to earn a PhD in psychology, which she earned from the University of Cincinnati.

1934:

• United States: Ruth Winifred Howard became the second African-American woman in the United States to receive a Ph.D. in psychology, which she earned from the University of Minnesota.

1935:

• Iran: Women were admitted to Tehran University. The access of university education to females is, in fact, also a reform regarding women's access to professions, as it open numerous professions to women.
• United States: Jesse Jarue Mark became the first African American woman to earn a Ph.D. in botany, which she earned at Iowa State University.

1936:

• United States: Flemmie Kittrell became the first African American woman to earn a Ph.D. in nutrition, which she earned at Cornell University.

1937:

• Kuwait: The first public schools open to females.
• United States: Anna Johnson Julian became the first black woman to receive a Ph.D. in sociology from the University of Pennsylvania.

1938:

• Nigeria: Elizabeth Abimbola Awoliyi became the first woman to be licensed to practise medicine in Nigeria after graduating from the University of Dublin and the first West African female medical officer with a license of the Royal Surgeon (Dublin).

1939:

• United Kingdom: Dorothy Garrod becomes the Disney Professor of Archaeology at the University of Cambridge, making her the first female professor at either Oxford or Cambridge.

1940–1969

1940:

• United States: Roger Arliner Young became the first black woman to earn a Ph.D. in zoology, which she earned from the University of Pennsylvania.

1941:

• United States: Ruth Lloyd became the first African-American woman to earn a Ph.D. in anatomy, which she earned from Western Reserve University.
• United States: Merze Tate became the first African American woman to earn a Ph.D. in government and international relations from Harvard University.

1942:

• United States: Margurite Thomas became the first African American woman to earn a Ph.D. in geology, which she earned from Catholic University.

1943:

• Iran: Compulsory primary education for both males and females.
• United States: Euphemia Haynes became the first African-American woman to earn a Ph.D. in Mathematics, which she earned from Catholic University.

1945:

• United States: Zora Neale Hurston became the first African-American woman to be admitted to Barnard college.
• United States: Harvard Medical School admitted women for the first time

1946:

• Ghana: Jane E. Clerk was among a batch of pioneer women educators in West Africa to selected study education at the Institute of Education of the University of London.

1947:

• Ghana: Susan Ofori-Atta became the first Ghanaian woman to earn a medical degree when she graduated from the University of Edinburgh.
• United States: Marie Maynard Daly became the first African-American woman to earn a Ph.D. in chemistry, which she earned from Columbia University.
• United Kingdom: Cambridge University becomes the last university in the UK to allow women to take full degrees.

1948:

• United Kingdom: Elizabeth Hill became the first Professor of Slavonic studies at the University of Cambridge.

1949:

• United States: Joanne Simpson (formerly Joanne Malkus, born Joanne Gerould) was the first woman in the United States to receive a Ph.D. in meteorology, which she received in 1949 from the University of Chicago.

1950:

• Ghana: Matilda J. Clerk became the first woman in Ghana and West Africa to attend graduate school, earning a postgraduate diploma at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine.
• Ghana: Annie Jiagge became the first woman in Ghana to professionally qualify as a lawyer when she was called to the Bar at Lincoln's Inn.

1951:

• Bahrain: First secondary education school open to females.
• Ghana: Esther Afua Ocloo became the first person of African ancestry to obtain a cooking diploma from the Good Housekeeping Institute in London and to take the post-graduate Food Preservation Course at Long Ashton Research Station, Department of Horticulture, Bristol University.
• United States: Maryly Van Leer Peck, became first female chemical engineer graduate. Peck also became the first woman to receive an M.S. and a Ph.D. in chemical engineering from the University of Florida.

1952:

• United States: Georgia Tech's president Blake R Van Leer admitted the first women to the school and his wife Ella Wall Van Leer setup support groups for future female engineers.

1955:

• Qatar: First public school for girls.

1957:

• Southern Rhodesia (today Zimbabwe): Sarah Chavunduka became the first black woman to attend the University College of Rhodesia and Nyasaland (today the University of Zimbabwe)

1959:

• United States: Lois Graham becomes the first US woman to earn a PhD in mechanical engineering.

1962:

• United States: Martha E. Bernal, who was born in Texas, became the first Latina to earn a PhD in psychology, which she earned in clinical psychology from Indiana University Bloomington.
• Kuwait: The right to education is secured to all citizens regardless of gender.

1963:

• Nigeria: Grace Lele Williams became the first Nigerian woman to earn any doctorate when she earned her Ph.D. in Mathematics Education from the University of Chicago.
• The Gambia: Florence Mahoney became the first Gambian woman to obtain a PhD, graduating from the School of Oriental and African Studies with a doctorate in History.

1964:

Afghanistan: The 1964 constitution stated the equal right of women to education.

1965:

• United States: Sister Mary Kenneth Keller became the first American woman to earn a PhD in Computer Science, which she earned at the University of Wisconsin–Madison. Her thesis was titled "Inductive Inference on Computer Generated Patterns."
• Kuwait: Compulsory education for both boys and girls.

1966:

• Kuwait: University education open to women.

1969:

• United States: In 1969, Lillian Lincoln Lambert became the first African-American woman to graduate from Harvard Business School with an MBA.
• United States: Princeton, Yale, Colgate, Johns Hopkins, and Georgetown opened applications to women.

1970–1999

1970:

• United States: Bowdoin, Williams and the University of Virginia allowed women to apply for admittance.

1971:

• United States: Bradford Junior College in Bradford, Massachusetts changed to Bradford College and offered four year degrees for women.
• Egypt: The new constitution confirms women's right to education.
• United States: Brown and Lehigh allowed women to apply for admittance.

1972:

• United States: Title IX was passed, making discrimination against any person based on their sex in any federally funded educational program(s) in America illegal.
• United States: Willie Hobbs Moore became the first African-American woman to receive a Ph.D. in Physics, which was conferred by the University of Michigan.
• United States: Bradford College in Bradford, Massachusetts became a co-educational institution (again) after being founded in 1803 as co-educational and then serving exclusively as a female institution of higher learning from 1837 to 1972. Bradford College closed permanently in May, 2000. The Bradford Alumni Association continues today and is the third oldest continuing alumni association in the United States.
• United States: Dartmouth, Davidson, Duke and Wesleyan allowed women to apply for admittance.

1975:

• United States: Lorene L. Rogers became the first woman named president of a major research university in the United States, the University of Texas.
• United States: On July 1, 1975, Jeanne Sinkford became the first female dean of a dental school when she was appointed the dean of Howard University, School of Dentistry.
• United Kingdom: The Sex Discrimination Act 1975 (c. 65) is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom which protected women from discrimination on the grounds of sex or marital status. The Act concerned education among other things.
• United States: Amherst, Claremont, US Naval Academy, West Point, US Airforce Academy and US Coast Guard Academy allowed women to apply for admittance.

1976:

• United States: U.S. service academies (US Military Academy, US Naval Academy, US Air Force Academy and the US Coast Guard Academy) first admitted women in 1976.

1977:

• United States: Harvard’s ratio of four men to one woman ended with “sex-blind admissions.”
• United States: The American Association of Dental Schools (founded in 1923 and renamed the American Dental Education Association in 2000) had Nancy Goorey as its first female president in 1977.

1978:

• Afghanistan: Mandatory literacy and education of all females.

1979:

• United States: Christine Economides became the first American woman to receive a PhD in petroleum engineering, which was conferred by Stanford University.
• United States: Jenny Patrick became the first black woman in the United States to receive a Ph.D. in chemical engineering, which was conferred by Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

1980:

• United States: Women and men were enrolled in American colleges in equal numbers for the first time.

1982:

• United States: The number of bachelor's degrees conferred on women first surpassed those conferred on men.
• United States: Mississippi University for Women v. Hogan, 458 U.S. 718 (1982) was a case decided 5–4 by the Supreme Court of the United States. The court held that the single-sex admissions policy of the Mississippi University for Women violated the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution.
• United States: Judith Hauptman became the first woman to earn a PhD in Talmud, which she earned from the Jewish Theological Seminary in New York.

1983:

• United States: Christine Darden became the first black woman in the U.S. to receive a Ph.D. degree in mechanical engineering, which was conferred by George Washington University.
• United States: Columbia College of Columbia University allowed women to apply for admittance.

1984:

• United States: The U.S. Supreme Court's 1984 ruling Grove City College v. Bell held that Title IX applied only to those programs receiving direct federal aid. The case reached the Supreme Court when Grove City College disagreed with the Department of Education's assertion that it was required to comply with Title IX. Grove City College was not a federally funded institution; however, they did accept students who were receiving Basic Educational Opportunity Grants through a Department of Education program.The Department of Education's stance was that, because some of its students were receiving federal grants, the school was receiving federal assistance and Title IX applied to it. The Court decided that since Grove City College was only receiving federal funding through the grant program, only that program had to be in compliance. The ruling was a major victory for those opposed to Title IX, as it made many institutions' sports programs outside of the rule of Title IX and, thus, reduced the scope of Title IX.

1987:

• United States: Johnnetta Cole became the first black president of Spelman College.

1988:

• United States: The Civil Rights Restoration Act was passed in 1988 which extended Title IX coverage to all programs of any educational institution that receives any federal assistance, both direct and indirect.

1994:

• United States: In 1994, the Equity in Athletics Disclosure Act, sponsored by congresswoman Cardiss Collins, required federally assisted higher education institutions to disclose information on roster sizes for men's and women's teams, as well as budgets for recruiting, scholarships, coaches' salaries, and other expenses, annually.

1996:

• United States: United States v. Virginia, 518 U.S. 515 (1996), was a landmark case in which the Supreme Court of the United States struck down the Virginia Military Institute (VMI)'s long-standing male-only admission policy in a 7–1 decision. (Justice Clarence Thomas, whose son was enrolled at VMI at the time, recused himself.)

2000s

2001:

• United States: Ruth Simmons became the eighteenth president of Brown University, which made her the first black woman to lead an Ivy League institution.

2005–2006:

• United States: For the first time, more doctoral degrees are conferred on women then men in the United States. This educational gap has continued to increase in the U.S., especially for master's degrees where over 50% more degrees are conferred on women than men.

2006:

• United States: On November 24, 2006, the Title IX regulations were amended to provide greater flexibility in the operation of single-sex classes or extracurricular activities at the primary or secondary school level.

2011:

• India: In April 2011, the Institute for Buddhist Dialectical Studies (IBD) in Dharamsala, India, conferred the degree of geshe (a Tibetan Buddhist academic degree for monks and nuns) to Venerable Kelsang Wangmo, a German nun, thus making her the world's first female geshe.

2013:

• Saudi Arabia: The Saudi government sanctioned sports for girls in private schools for the first time.
• Saudi Arabia: Mai Majed Al-Qurashi became the first woman to receive a PhD in Saudi Arabia, which was conferred by the King Abdullah University of Science and Technology.
• United Kingdom: It was announced that Ephraim Mirvis created the job of ma’ayan by which women would be advisers on Jewish law in the area of family purity and as adult educators in Orthodox synagogues. This requires a part-time training course for 18 months, which is the first such course in the United Kingdom.
• Tibet: Tibetan women were able to take the geshe exams for the first time.

2016:

• Tibet: Twenty Tibetan Buddhist nuns became the first Tibetan women to receive geshema degrees